Specialists in Companion Animal Neurology (SCAN)

What is a Seizure?

A seizure is caused by an abnormal burst of electrical activity within the brain, commonly in one of the cerebral hemispheres (focal/partial seizure). A focal/ partial seizure is one in which the jerking or twitching is limited (at least initially) too a particular part of the body. More often, the electrical activity spreads out and involves both sides of the brain, which results in a generalized (grand mal) seizure. Generalized seizures last less than two minutes and are characterized by collapse with rigid extension of the legs. This is followed by rhythmic jerking of the legs(which resembles running or paddling). Some dogs also chomp, chew, drool, or urinate and defecate. As the dog regains consciousness there is a post-seizure state characterized by disorientation and confusion. The dog may stumble into walls and appear blind. The post-seizure state can persist for minutes or hours. There are other causes of neurological episodes, which can appear similar to seizures but are not, including syncope, narcolepsy, vestibular/ vertigo spells, and some pain-related behavior.

Diagnosis of Seizures

Since seizures can be caused by any process that alters the normal neurological function, the goal of the veterinarian is to distinguish between primary and secondary causes of seizures. This is done through examination, the taking of a thorough patient history, and often includes further medical tests (bloodwork, x-rays, blood pressure), advanced imaging (brain MRI), and/or spinal fluid analysis, if necessary. With this information, the veterinarian can create a plan for the management and treatment of the patient's seizures.